How liberalised is the EU rail freight market?

The liberalisation of the rail freight market in the EU is developing well. In 2021, there is an almost equal representation of incumbents linked to a holding company and the private companies, or subsidiaries of large holdings that act like a private company. And this is a good thing, believes industry association ERFA, as private companies are “distinctively sharper, simpler, and better…albeit on a narrower offering”.